Kuri BMS, BUS, Inganda, Umugozi wibikoresho.
Mugihe Iserukiramuco rirangiye, umunezero ukikije DeepSeek ukomeje gukomera. Ibiruhuko biheruka byagaragaje imyumvire ikomeye yo guhatana mu nganda zikoranabuhanga, aho benshi baganiriye bakanasesengura iyi "catfish." Ikibaya cya Silicon kirimo ikibazo kitigeze kibaho: abunganira amasoko afunguye bongeye gutanga ibitekerezo byabo, ndetse na OpenAI irongera gusuzuma niba ingamba zayo zifunze ari zo nzira nziza. Iparadizo nshya y’ibiciro byo kubara byatumye habaho urunigi mu bihangange bya chip nka Nvidia, bituma habaho gutakaza agaciro k’umunsi umwe ku isoko ry’imigabane muri Amerika, mu gihe ibigo bya leta birimo gukora iperereza ku iyubahirizwa ry’imashini zikoreshwa na DeepSeek. Hagati yisubiramo rya DeepSeek mumahanga, imbere mu gihugu, irimo gukura bidasanzwe. Nyuma yo gushyira ahagaragara moderi ya R1, porogaramu ijyanye nayo yabonye ubwiyongere bw’imodoka, byerekana ko iterambere mu nzego zikoreshwa rizateza imbere urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima muri AI imbere. Icyiza ni uko DeepSeek izagura uburyo bushoboka bwo gusaba, byerekana ko kwishingikiriza kuri ChatGPT bitazaba bihenze mugihe kizaza. Ihinduka ryagaragaye mubikorwa bya OpenAI biherutse gukorwa, harimo gutanga uburyo bwo gutekereza bwitwa o3-mini kubakoresha kubuntu hasubijwe DeepSeek R1, ndetse no kuzamurwa nyuma byatumye urwego rwibitekerezo rwa o3-mini rushyirwa ahagaragara. Abakoresha benshi mu mahanga bagaragaje ko bashimira DeepSeek kubwiterambere, nubwo iyi mitekerereze ikora nkincamake.
Mu buryo bwiza, biragaragara ko DeepSeek ihuza abakinnyi bo murugo. Hamwe no kwibanda ku kugabanya ibiciro byamahugurwa, abakora chip zitandukanye zo hejuru, abatanga ibicu hagati, hamwe nabantu benshi batangiye bifatanya cyane mubidukikije, bizamura imikorere yo gukoresha moderi ya DeepSeek. Nk’uko impapuro za DeepSeek zibitangaza, imyitozo yuzuye ya moderi ya V3 isaba amasaha miliyoni 2.788 gusa ya H800 ya GPU, kandi imyitozo irahagaze neza. Ubwubatsi bwa MoE (Uruvange rwinzobere) ni ingenzi cyane mu kugabanya ibiciro byabanjirije amahugurwa ku icumi ugereranije na Llama 3 hamwe na miliyari 405. Kugeza ubu, V3 niyo moderi yambere yamenyekanye kumugaragaro yerekana ubuke buke muri MoE. Byongeye kandi, Umudepite (Multi Layer Attention) akorana, cyane cyane mubitekerezo. Umushakashatsi wo mu ikoranabuhanga rya Chuanjing yagize ati: "Sparser MoE, nini nini nini ikenerwa mugihe cyo gutekereza kugirango ikoreshe neza imbaraga zo kubara, ingano ya KVCache niyo mpamvu nyamukuru igabanya; Umudepite agabanya cyane ingano ya KVCache". Muri rusange, intsinzi ya DeepSeek iri mu guhuza tekinoloji zitandukanye, ntabwo ari imwe gusa. Abashinzwe inganda bashima ubushobozi bwubwubatsi bwikipe ya DeepSeek, bakerekana ko ari indashyikirwa mu mahugurwa abangikanye no gutezimbere ibikorwa, kugera ku bisubizo bitangaje mu gutunganya buri kantu. Inzira ya DeepSeek ifunguye-isoko irusheho gutera imbere muri rusange iterambere rinini, kandi biteganijwe ko niba imideli isa niyaguka mu mashusho, videwo, nibindi byinshi, ibi bizashimangira cyane inganda zose.
Amahirwe ya Serivisi zindi zitekereza
Amakuru yerekana ko kuva yasohoka, DeepSeek imaze kwinjiza miliyoni 22.15 zabakoresha buri munsi (DAU) muminsi 21 gusa, igera kuri 41,6% byabakoresha ChatGPT kandi irenga miliyoni 16.95 abakoresha buri munsi bakoresha Doubao, bityo ikaba porogaramu yihuta cyane kwisi yose, ikaza ku isonga mububiko bwa Apple App mubihugu / uturere 157. Ariko, mugihe abakoresha bateraniye hamwe, hackers za cyber zidahwema kwibasira porogaramu ya DeepSeek, bitera ibibazo bikomeye kuri seriveri zayo. Abasesenguzi b'inganda bemeza ko ibi biterwa na DeepSeek yohereza amakarita yo guhugura mu gihe adafite imbaraga zo kubara zihagije zo gutekereza. Umwe mu bari mu nganda yamenyesheje ikoranabuhanga rya AI ati: "Ibibazo bya seriveri bikunze gukemurwa bitagoranye no kwishyura amafaranga cyangwa amafaranga yo kugura imashini nyinshi; amaherezo, biterwa n’ibyemezo bya DeepSeek." Ibi birerekana ubucuruzi bwibanda ku ikoranabuhanga n’ibicuruzwa. DeepSeek ahanini yishingikirije kumubare wa kwant kugirango ibone ibibatunga, imaze kubona inkunga nkeya yo hanze, bigatuma umuvuduko muke w'amafaranga ugereranije nibidukikije byikoranabuhanga. Kugeza ubu, ukurikije ibibazo bimaze kuvugwa, bamwe mu bakoresha barasaba DeepSeek ku mbuga nkoranyambaga kuzamura umubare w’imikoreshereze cyangwa kumenyekanisha ibintu byishyuwe kugirango bongere ihumure ry’abakoresha. Byongeye kandi, abashinzwe iterambere batangiye gukoresha API yemewe cyangwa igice cyagatatu APIs kugirango bakore neza. Icyakora, urubuga rwa DeepSeek rufunguye ruherutse gutangaza ruti: "Ibikoresho bya seriveri biriho ubu ni bike, kandi amafaranga ya serivisi ya API yarahagaritswe."
Nta gushidikanya ko byugurura amahirwe menshi kubacuruzi-bandi mu bikorwa remezo bya AI. Vuba aha, ibihangange byinshi byo mu gihugu ndetse n’amahanga byashyize ahagaragara APIs y’icyitegererezo ya DeepSeek - ibihangange mu mahanga Microsoft na Amazon bari mu ba mbere bitabiriye mu mpera za Mutarama. Umuyobozi w’imbere mu gihugu, Huawei Cloud, yateye intambwe yambere, asohora serivisi z’ibitekerezo za DeepSeek R1 na V3 ku bufatanye na Flow ikorera muri Silicon ku ya 1 Gashyantare. Ibigo bitatu bikomeye byikoranabuhanga-BAT (Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent) na ByteDance - nabyo byatanze ibiciro bidahenze, byigihe gito guhera ku ya 3 Gashyantare, byibutsa intambara z’abacuruzi b’ibicu by’umwaka ushize byatewe n’icyitegererezo cy’icyitegererezo cya V2 cya DeepSeek, aho DeepSeek yatangiye kwitwa "inyama z’ibiciro." Ibikorwa bikaze byabacuruzi bicu biragaragaza umubano ukomeye wahoze hagati ya Microsoft Azure na OpenAI, aho muri 2019, Microsoft yashoye imari ingana na miliyari imwe y’amadorali muri OpenAI kandi yunguka inyungu nyuma ya ChatGPT yatangijwe mu 2023. Icyakora, uyu mubano wa hafi watangiye gucika intege nyuma ya Meta ifunguye isoko rya Llama, bituma abandi bacuruzi bo hanze y’ibidukikije bya Microsoft Azure bahangana na moderi zabo nini. Muri uru rwego, DeepSeek ntabwo yarenze ChatGPT gusa mubijyanye nubushyuhe bwibicuruzwa ahubwo yanashyizeho uburyo bwo gufungura isoko nyuma ya o1 isohoka, bisa nibyishimo byatewe no kubyuka kwa Llama kwa GPT-3.
Mubyukuri, abatanga ibicu nabo bihagararaho nkamarembo yumuhanda kubikorwa bya AI, bivuze ko gushimangira umubano nabateza imbere bisobanura ibyiza byambere. Raporo zerekana ko Baidu Smart Cloud yari ifite abakiriya barenga 15.000 bakoresha moderi ya DeepSeek ibinyujije kumurongo wa Qianfan kumunsi wo gushyira ahagaragara. Byongeye kandi, ibigo byinshi bito bitanga ibisubizo, harimo Flow-ishingiye kuri Silicon, Ikoranabuhanga rya Luchen, Ikoranabuhanga rya Chuanjing, hamwe n’abatanga AI Infra zitandukanye batangije inkunga kuri moderi ya DeepSeek. Isuzuma rya tekinoloji ya AI ryamenye ko amahirwe yo gutezimbere uburyo bwoherejwe bwa DeepSeek bwibanze cyane cyane mubice bibiri: imwe ihitamo uburyo budasanzwe buranga moderi ya MoE ikoresheje uburyo buvanze bwo gukoresha uburyo bwa miliyari 671 ibipimo bya MoE mugace mugihe ukoresha imvange ya GPU / CPU. Byongeye kandi, gutezimbere Umudepite ni ngombwa. Nyamara, moderi ebyiri za DeepSeek ziracyafite imbogamizi muburyo bwiza bwo kohereza. Umushakashatsi wo mu ikoranabuhanga rya Chuanjing yagize ati: "Bitewe n'ubunini bw'icyitegererezo hamwe n'ibipimo byinshi, gutezimbere biragoye rwose, cyane cyane kubyoherejwe aho usanga kugera ku buringanire bwiza hagati y'ibikorwa n'ibiciro bizaba ingorabahizi". Inzitizi zikomeye cyane ziri mu gutsinda ubushobozi bwo kwibuka. Yakomeje abisobanura agira ati: "Dufatiye ku bufatanye butandukanye kugira ngo dukoreshe byimazeyo CPU hamwe n’ibindi bikoresho byo kubara, dushyire gusa ibice bitagabanijwe bya matrike ya MoE gake kuri CPU / DRAM kugirango bitunganyirizwe hifashishijwe abakoresha CPU bakora cyane, mu gihe ibice byuzuye biguma kuri GPU". Raporo yerekana ko Chuanjing ifunguye-isoko ya KTransformers itera cyane cyane ingamba zitandukanye hamwe nabakoresha mubikorwa byambere bya Transformers binyuze mubishusho, bikazamura umuvuduko wihuse ukoresheje uburyo nka CUDAGraph. DeepSeek yashyizeho amahirwe kuri aba batangiye, nkuko inyungu zo gukura zigenda zigaragara; ibigo byinshi byatangaje ko byiyongera kubakiriya nyuma yo gutangiza DeepSeek API, yakira ibibazo kubakiriya bambere bashaka optimizasiyo. Abashinzwe inganda bagize bati: "Mu bihe byashize, amatsinda y’abakiriya yashizweho yakunze gufungirwa muri serivisi zisanzwe z’amasosiyete manini, bitewe cyane n’inyungu zabyo bitewe n’igipimo. Icyakora, nyuma yo kurangiza kohereza DeepSeek-R1 / V3 mbere y’ibirori by’impeshyi, twabonye mu buryo butunguranye ibyifuzo by’ubufatanye by’abakiriya benshi bazwi, ndetse mbere n’abakiriya basinziriye batangiza umubonano kugira ngo tumenye serivisi zacu za DeepSeek." Kugeza ubu, bigaragara ko DeepSeek ituma imikorere yerekana imyanzuro igenda irushaho kuba ingorabahizi, kandi hamwe no gukoresha imiterere nini nini, ibi bizakomeza kugira uruhare mu iterambere mu nganda za AI Infra ku buryo bugaragara. Niba urugero rwa DeepSeek rushobora koherezwa mugace ku giciro gito, byafasha cyane leta na entreprise imbaraga zo guhindura imibare. Nyamara, imbogamizi ziracyakomeza, kuko abakiriya bamwe bashobora gutegereza byinshi kubijyanye nubushobozi bunini bwicyitegererezo, bigatuma bigaragara ko kuringaniza imikorere nigiciro biba ingenzi mubikorwa bifatika.
Kugirango usuzume niba DeepSeek iruta ChatGPT, ni ngombwa kumva itandukaniro ryabo ryingenzi, imbaraga, no gukoresha imanza. Dore ikigereranyo cyuzuye:
| Ikiranga / Ibice | Kumurongo | Ikiganiro |
|---|---|---|
| Nyirubwite | Yatejwe imbere na sosiyete y'Abashinwa | Byakozwe na OpenAI |
| Icyitegererezo | Gufungura-isoko | Umutungo |
| Igiciro | Ubuntu bwo gukoresha; Amahitamo ya API ahendutse | Kwiyandikisha cyangwa kwishyura-kuri-ibiciro |
| Guhitamo | Birashobora guhindurwa cyane, kwemerera abakoresha guhindura no kuyubaka | Guhitamo kugarukira birahari |
| Imikorere mubikorwa byihariye | Indashyikirwa mubice bimwe nkisesengura ryamakuru no gushakisha amakuru | Bitandukanye nibikorwa bikomeye mukwandika guhanga no gukora ibiganiro |
| Inkunga y'ururimi | Kwibanda cyane ku rurimi n'umuco w'igishinwa | Inkunga yagutse y'ururimi ariko ishingiye kuri Amerika |
| Igiciro c'Amahugurwa | Amafaranga yo guhugura make, atezimbere kugirango akore neza | Amafaranga yo guhugura menshi, bisaba ibikoresho byinshi byo kubara |
| Ibisubizo Bitandukanye | Urashobora gutanga ibisubizo bitandukanye, birashoboka ko byatewe na geopolitiki | Ibisubizo bihoraho bishingiye kumibare yamahugurwa |
| Intego y'abumva | Igamije kubateza imbere n'abashakashatsi bashaka guhinduka | Intego kubakoresha muri rusange bashaka ubushobozi bwo kuganira |
| Koresha Imanza | Birenzeho kubyara code nibikorwa byihuse | Nibyiza kubyara inyandiko, gusubiza ibibazo, no kwishora mubiganiro |
Icyerekezo Cyingenzi kuri "Guhagarika Nvidia"
Kugeza ubu, usibye Huawei, abakora chip nyinshi zo murugo nka Moore Threads, Muxi, Biran Technology, na Tianxu Zhixin nabo barimo kumenyera moderi ebyiri za DeepSeek. Uruganda rukora chip rwatangarije AI Technology Review, "Imiterere ya DeepSeek yerekana udushya, nyamara iracyari LLM. Guhuza kwacu na DeepSeek byibanze cyane cyane kubikorwa byo gutekereza, bigatuma ishyirwa mubikorwa rya tekiniki ryoroshye kandi ryihuse." Nyamara, uburyo bwa MoE busaba ibisabwa cyane mubijyanye no kubika no gukwirakwiza, hamwe no kwemeza guhuza mugihe cyoherejwe na chip yo murugo, kwerekana ibibazo byinshi byubwubatsi bikeneye gukemurwa mugihe cyo kurwanya imihindagurikire. Ushinzwe umwuga w’inganda yagize ati: "Kugeza ubu, ingufu zo kubara mu gihugu ntizihuza na Nvidia mu mikoreshereze no mu mutekano, bisaba uruhare rw’umwimerere mu gushyiraho porogaramu zangiza porogaramu, gukemura ibibazo, no kunoza imikorere shingiro". Icyarimwe, "Bitewe nubunini bunini bwa DeepSeek R1, imbaraga zo kubara mu gihugu zikenera urwego runini rwo kubangikanya. Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho by’imbere mu gihugu biracyari inyuma cyane; urugero, Huawei 910B kuri ubu ntishobora gushyigikira umwanzuro wa FP8 watangijwe na DeepSeek." Kimwe mu byaranze icyitegererezo cya DeepSeek V3 ni ugutangiza uburyo bwo guhugura FP8 buvanze neza, bwemejwe neza ku cyitegererezo kinini cyane, cyerekana ko hari ikintu cyagezweho. Mbere, abakinyi bakomeye nka Microsoft na Nvidia basabye akazi kajyanye, ariko gushidikanya biratinda muruganda kubyerekeranye nibishoboka. Byumvikane ko ugereranije na INT8, inyungu ya mbere ya FP8 nuko umubare wanyuma wamahugurwa ushobora kugera kubintu bitagira igihombo mugihe byongera umuvuduko wihuse. Iyo ugereranije na FP16, FP8 irashobora kubona umuvuduko wikubye inshuro ebyiri kuri H20 ya Nvidia no kwihuta inshuro zirenga 1.5 kuri H100. Ikigaragara ni uko, nkuko ibiganiro byerekeranye nuburyo bwo kubara imbere mu gihugu hiyongereyeho na moderi zo mu gihugu bigenda byiyongera, kwibaza niba Nvidia ishobora guhungabana, ndetse n’uko umwobo wa CUDA ushobora kurengerwa, uragenda ugaragara. Ikintu kidashidikanywaho ni uko DeepSeek yatumye rwose igabanuka ry’agaciro ku isoko rya Nvidia, ariko iri hinduka ritera kwibaza ku bijyanye n’uburinganire bwa Nvidia bwo mu rwego rwo hejuru. Ibitekerezo byemewe mbere byerekeranye no gukusanya imari-shusho yo kubara biragoye, nyamara biracyagora Nvidia gusimburwa byuzuye muburyo bwo guhugura. Isesengura ry’imikoreshereze yimbitse ya DeepSeek ya CUDA ryerekana ko guhinduka - nko gukoresha SM mu itumanaho cyangwa gukoresha amakarita y'urusobe - bidashoboka ko GPU isanzwe yakira. Inganda zerekana inganda zishimangira ko umwobo wa Nvidia ukubiyemo urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima byose bya CUDA aho kuba CUDA yonyine, kandi amabwiriza ya PTX (Parallel Thread Execution) amabwiriza DeepSeek akoresha aracyari mu bidukikije bya CUDA. "Mu gihe gito, imbaraga za Nvidia zo kubara ntizishobora kurenga - ibi biragaragara cyane mu mahugurwa; icyakora, kohereza amakarita yo mu rugo kugira ngo bitekereze bizoroha, bityo iterambere rishobora kwihuta. Guhindura amakarita yo mu gihugu byibanda cyane cyane ku mwanzuro; nta muntu n'umwe washoboye guhugura icyitegererezo cy'imikorere ya DeepSeek ku makarita yo mu gihugu ku rugero". Muri rusange, duhereye ku myanzuro, ibintu birashishikaza imashini nini zo murugo. Amahirwe kubakora chip yo murugo murwego rwo gufata umwanzuro aragaragara cyane kubera amahugurwa asabwa cyane, abuza kwinjira. Abasesenguzi bavuga ko gukoresha amakarita yo mu rugo bihagije; nibiba ngombwa, kubona imashini yinyongera birashoboka, mugihe icyitegererezo cyamahugurwa gitera ibibazo byihariye - gucunga umubare wimashini ziyongereye birashobora kuba umutwaro, kandi igipimo cyamakosa menshi gishobora kugira ingaruka mbi mubyavuye mumahugurwa. Amahugurwa afite kandi ibipimo byihariye bisabwa, mugihe ibisabwa kumasoko yo gufata umwanzuro ntabwo bikomeye, bityo koroshya ibisabwa GPU. Kugeza ubu, imikorere ya karita imwe ya Nvidia ya H20 ntabwo irenze iya Huawei cyangwa Cambrian; imbaraga zayo ziri mu guhuriza hamwe. Hashingiwe ku ngaruka rusange zagize ku isoko ry’ingufu zo kubara, uwashinze ikoranabuhanga rya Luchen Technology, You Yang, mu kiganiro yagiranye na AI Technology Review, yagize ati: "DeepSeek irashobora guhungabanya by'agateganyo ishyirwaho ry’ubukode bw’amatsinda akomeye yo kubara. Byongeye kandi, "DeepSeek isabwa cyane na serivisi zo gutekereza no gutunganya neza serivisi zirahuza neza n’imiterere y’imibare yo mu gihugu, aho ubushobozi bw’ibanze bugaragara nk’intege nke, bifasha mu kugabanya imyanda iva mu mutungo udafite ishingiro nyuma y’ihuriro; ibi bitanga amahirwe akomeye ku bakora inganda mu nzego zitandukanye z’ibidukikije by’imbere mu gihugu." Ikoranabuhanga rya Luchen ryakoranye na Huawei Cloud mugutangiza urukurikirane rwa DeepSeek R1 rutekereza APIs hamwe na serivise zerekana amashusho zishingiye kububasha bwo kubara murugo. Wowe Yang wagaragaje icyizere cy'ejo hazaza: "DeepSeek itera icyizere mu bisubizo byatanzwe mu gihugu, bitera ishyaka ryinshi n'ishoramari mu bushobozi bwo kubara imbere."
Umwanzuro
Niba DeepSeek "nziza" kuruta ChatGPT biterwa nibikenewe n'intego z'umukoresha. Kubikorwa bikenera guhinduka, kugiciro gito, no kwihindura, DeepSeek irashobora kuba hejuru. Kubyanditse guhanga, kubaza muri rusange, hamwe nabakoresha-ibiganiro-biganira, ChatGPT irashobora gufata iyambere. Buri gikoresho gikora intego zitandukanye, guhitamo rero bizaterwa cyane nurwego bakoresheje.
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